Hautes technologies, nouveaux espaces d'activites, developpement local et regional: apparences et réalités: réflexions sur les aménagements français

Abstract

Durante os anos 80, o planeamento de novos espaços de actividades representou a principal forma de intervenção vocacionada para promover o desenvolvimento local e regional. Esta forma de planeamento foi concebida para atrair, prioritariamente, todas as actividades de alta tecnologia, consideradas como base essencial da inovação e motor do crescimento. As colectividades locais assumem-se como os actores mais activos ao associarem-se ao sector de produção de imobiliário para empresas que se autonomizou ao impor uma lógica financeira. Porém, as realidades são diferentes das aparências fortemente mediatiadas. A metropolização prevalece sobre a tecnopolização e o reforço das localizações centrais é mais importante do que a difusão das actividades para localizações periféricas. O caracter tecnológico aplica-se, mais à forma arquitectónica e urbanística do que ao conteúdo técnico. O impacto sobre o desenvolvimento local e regional deve ser ponderado: alguns dos novos espaços de actividades atraem as formas mais modernas do sistema produtivo mas elas geram, também, um reforço da segregação socio-espacial.

Durant les années 80, l'aménagement de nouveaux espaces d'activités a représenté la principale forme d'intervention engagée pour assurer le développement local et régional. Cet aménagement a été conçu pour attirer avant tout les activités de haute technologie, considérées comme fondement essentiel de l'innovation, moteur de la croissance. Les collectivités locales ont représenté les acteurs les plus actifs en s'associant à une filière de production d'immobilier d'entreprise qui s'est rendue autonome en imposant une logique financière. Mais les réalités sont différentes des apparences fortement médiatisées. La métropolisation l'emporte sur la technopolisation, le renforcement des centres sur la diffusion périphérique. Le caractère technologique s'applique davantage à la forme architecturale et urbanistique qu'au contenu technique. L'impact sur le développement local et régional doit être nuancé: certes les nouveaux aménagements attirent les formes les plus modernes du système productif mais ils engendrent aussi un renforcement de la ségrégation socio-spatiale.

In the 1980s, the planning of new economic development zones was the most important type of intervention in favour of local and regional development. The aim of these plans was to attract all types of high-tech activity which themselves were considered to be the touchstone of innovation and the motor of economic growth. Local authorities were the most important actors establishing links with an industrial property development sector which became autonomous by imposing a financial logic on the development process. The real situation was however different from appearances which were strongly shaped by media concerns. Metropolisation was more important than the development of technopoles and the strengthening of central locations was more important than the diffusion of activities into peripheral locations. Technological characteristics were more important as considerations in architectural and town planning design than in the technical content of these areas. Their impact on local and regional development must be qualified: these new planning developments certainly attracted the most modern type of economic activity but they also reinforced socio-spatial segregation.